{"id":3468,"date":"2022-09-08T00:29:58","date_gmt":"2022-09-07T22:29:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/?page_id=3468"},"modified":"2022-09-08T00:38:40","modified_gmt":"2022-09-07T22:38:40","slug":"metallography-including-hardness-determination-courses-and-structure-assessment","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/en\/services\/metallography-including-hardness-determination-courses-and-structure-assessment\/","title":{"rendered":"Metallography including hardness determination \/ &#8211; courses and structure assessment"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"max-width:1331.2px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><h1>Metallography<\/h1>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><h2>Metallography is an important tool for quality assurance and damage analysis.<\/h2>\n<p>As part of these tasks, TAZ GmbH tests the microstructures of metallic materials of all kinds. Trained metallographers and materials engineers at TAZ GmbH take care of your application.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:100% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 20px;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 1.92%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 1.92%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-1{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 0px;padding-bottom : 20px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0px;}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eae9e9;border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"max-width:1331.2px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><style type=\"text\/css\">#accordion-3468-1 .fusion-panel:hover{ border-color: #e0dede } #accordion-3468-1 .fusion-panel { border-color:#e0dede; }.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box{ color: #ffffff;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box:before{ font-size: 13px; width: 13px;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .panel-title a{color:#0b2f41;font-family:\"Roboto\";font-weight:900;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .toggle-content{font-size:14px;color:#333333;font-family:\"Roboto\";font-weight:400;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .fa-fusion-box { background-color: #333333;border-color: #333333;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .panel-title a:not(.active):hover, #accordion-3468-1 .fusion-toggle-boxed-mode:hover .panel-title a { color: #009fe3;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .panel-title .active .fa-fusion-box,.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .panel-title a:not(.active):hover .fa-fusion-box { background-color: #009fe3!important;border-color: #009fe3!important;}<\/style><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\"><div class=\"panel-group\" id=\"accordion-3468-1\"><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .panel-8fdaad09c6b22c5fc .panel-title a{}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .panel-8fdaad09c6b22c5fc .toggle-content{}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-8fdaad09c6b22c5fc\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"8fdaad09c6b22c5fc\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-3468-1\" data-target=\"#8fdaad09c6b22c5fc\" href=\"#8fdaad09c6b22c5fc\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Sample preparation<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"8fdaad09c6b22c5fc\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>For a metallographic examination, representative sections are taken from the component to be examined. We have a wide range of saws and cutting machines, including low-speed saws, at our disposal to ensure gentle sampling for the respective material. The preparatory work steps also include embedding in a plastic mass. This enables a sample preparation with sharp edges. In order to optimize the edge sharpness of hard-to-prepare, surface-hardened samples, the sections are supported with a special aluminum foil before embedding or even nickel-plated in our electroplating system. With two hot embedding presses, several cold embedding options and a UV embedding lamp, we have all the options for embedding raw material, hardened gears and even the finest electronic components at our disposal for embedding. So that the sample can finally be examined under the light microscope, a high surface quality without grooves and scratches is a prerequisite. We achieve this with our manual and semi-automatic grinding and polishing machines from Buehler and Struers and with our application-dependent variety of different grinding wheels, sandpaper, polishing cloths and the associated lubricants and suspensions.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .panel-d34c503d5d2c2a808 .panel-title a{}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .panel-d34c503d5d2c2a808 .toggle-content{}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-d34c503d5d2c2a808\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"d34c503d5d2c2a808\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-3468-1\" data-target=\"#d34c503d5d2c2a808\" href=\"#d34c503d5d2c2a808\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Structural investigations in the unetched state<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"d34c503d5d2c2a808\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>We have a number of microscopes from well-known manufacturers such as Zeiss and Keyence at our disposal for assessing the microscopic structures. We do our work e.g. B. with stereo microscopes, confocal reflected light microscopes, laser scanning microscopes (LSM) or scanning electron microscopes (SEM). Due to the different reflection properties of metals and non-metals, first statements about the purity of the material are possible immediately after polishing. TAZ GmbH tests the degree of purity of metals according to ASTM E45 or DIN EN 10247. The examination for edge oxidation or material separations, such as hot cracks, cold cracks, gaps, pores, slag inclusions, etc. is preferred in the polished state due to the better contrast carried out.<\/p>\n<div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-0 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><p><strong>Metallography cast structure<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div ><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Metallographie-Gussgef\u00fcge.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[0b8bb429bcbca68c32c]\" data-caption=\"Metallographie - Gussgef\u00fcge\" data-title=\"Metallographie &#8211; Gussgef\u00fcge\" title=\"Metallographie &#8211; Gussgef\u00fcge\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271024%27%20height%3D%27768%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201024%20768%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271024%27%20height%3D%27768%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Metallographie-Gussgef\u00fcge.jpg\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-3005\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><p>The formation of graphite can be seen in the metallographic section even in the unetched state. Contrasting is also necessary to display the microstructure matrix.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-0{width:50% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 20px;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 3.84%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 3.84%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-0{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-0{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-1 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><p><strong>Metallography &#8211; Crack<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div ><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Metallographie-Riss.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[41f427eece242e2ae23]\" data-caption=\"Metallographie - Riss\" data-title=\"Metallographie &#8211; Riss\" title=\"Metallographie &#8211; Riss\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1200\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271600%27%20height%3D%271200%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201600%201200%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271600%27%20height%3D%271200%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Metallographie-Riss.jpg\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-3009\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><p>Structural inhomogeneities such as pores, overlaps or cracks (image) can be better displayed in the unetched section due to the better contrast ratio.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-1{width:50% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 20px;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 3.84%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 3.84%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-1{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-1{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .panel-06c63e1786985574f .panel-title a{}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .panel-06c63e1786985574f .toggle-content{}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-06c63e1786985574f\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"06c63e1786985574f\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-3468-1\" data-target=\"#06c63e1786985574f\" href=\"#06c63e1786985574f\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Structural investigations in the etched state<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"06c63e1786985574f\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>Various etching effects can be created by contrasting metallographic sections with suitable etchants. If the structure is correctly contrasted, statements can be made, e.g. B. about the heat treatment condition (hardened, soft annealed, normalized, &#8230;) and the quality (carbon content), as well as in many cases conclusions about the manufacturing process (drawn, rolled, cast, &#8230;) and causes of failure in cases of damage (grain boundary cementite, coarse grain formation, &#8230;) draw. With a suitable etching solution, the former austenite grain boundaries can even be shown in hardened, martensitic components. Using special software, TAZ GmbH can not only determine the average grain size, but also graphically display the distribution of the grain sizes. Any edge decarburization or the course of weld seams including the heat-affected zone (HAZ) can also be made visible by etching.<\/p>\n<div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-2 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><p><strong>Metallography macro section<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div ><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-3 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Metallographie-Makroschliff.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[c38c20c8115bdc6cf48]\" data-caption=\"Metallographie - Makroschliff\" data-title=\"Metallographie &#8211; Makroschliff\" title=\"Metallographie &#8211; Makroschliff\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1147\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271147%27%20height%3D%27768%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201147%20768%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271147%27%20height%3D%27768%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Metallographie-Makroschliff.jpg\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-3007\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-2{width:33.333333333333% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 20px;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-2 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 5.76%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 5.76%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-2{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-2 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-2{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-2 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-3 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\"><p><strong>Metallographic microsection<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div ><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-4 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Metallographie-Mikroschliff.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[174fe3e8677c3c7eac2]\" data-caption=\"Metallographie - Mikroschliff\" data-title=\"Metallographie &#8211; Mikroschliff\" title=\"Metallographie &#8211; Mikroschliff\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271024%27%20height%3D%27768%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201024%20768%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271024%27%20height%3D%27768%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Metallographie-Mikroschliff.jpg\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-3008\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-3{width:33.333333333333% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 20px;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-3 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 5.76%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 5.76%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-3{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-3 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-3{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-3 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-4 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\"><p><strong>Metallography Austenite Grain Boundaries<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div ><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-5 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Metallographie-Austenitkorngrenzen_50x15f.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[220ff72a7d7a83a4d17]\" data-caption=\"Metallographie Austenitkorngrenzen_50x1,5f\" data-title=\"Metallographie Austenitkorngrenzen_50x1,5f\" title=\"Metallographie Austenitkorngrenzen_50x1,5f\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271024%27%20height%3D%27768%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201024%20768%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271024%27%20height%3D%27768%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Metallographie-Austenitkorngrenzen_50x15f.jpg\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-3010\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-4{width:33.333333333333% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 20px;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-4 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 5.76%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 5.76%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-4{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-4 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-4{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-4 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\"><p>With the help of our wide range of etching solutions, we can display the microscopic microstructures of almost all metals. Also special etchings, e.g. B. the representation of the former austenite grain boundaries in components that have already been tempered do not pose any problems for our metallographers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .panel-d881866f383a1c80e .panel-title a{}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .panel-d881866f383a1c80e .toggle-content{}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-d881866f383a1c80e\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"d881866f383a1c80e\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-3468-1\" data-target=\"#d881866f383a1c80e\" href=\"#d881866f383a1c80e\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Layer thickness measurement<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"d881866f383a1c80e\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>With our regularly calibrated microscopes, we can not only measure layer thicknesses, but also customer-specific measuring tasks, such as B. take on welds. It doesn&#8217;t matter whether thicknesses, lengths, radii, diameters, tangential distances, areas, porosity or angles are to be measured.<\/p>\n<div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-5 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\"><p><strong>Geometric measurement of an ultrasonic seam<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div ><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-6 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Geometrische-Vermessung-einer-Ultraschallschwei\u00dfnaht.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[1e89ec95ceb38cc2e7c]\" data-caption=\"Geometrische Vermessung einer Ultraschallschwei\u00dfnaht\" data-title=\"Geometrische Vermessung einer Ultraschallschwei\u00dfnaht\" title=\"Geometrische Vermessung einer Ultraschallschwei\u00dfnaht\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1200\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271600%27%20height%3D%271200%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201600%201200%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271600%27%20height%3D%271200%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Geometrische-Vermessung-einer-Ultraschallschwei\u00dfnaht.jpg\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-3006\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-5{width:33.333333333333% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 20px;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-5 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 5.76%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 5.76%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-5{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-5 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-nested-column-5{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-nested-column-5 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\"><p>With our digital image evaluation methods, we can easily measure layer thicknesses or distances, as shown in the example of the ultrasonic welded joint. Radii, diameters or angles can also be reliably measured.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .panel-532089da8251ff27a .panel-title a{}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-1 .panel-532089da8251ff27a .toggle-content{}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-532089da8251ff27a\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"532089da8251ff27a\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-3468-1\" data-target=\"#532089da8251ff27a\" href=\"#532089da8251ff27a\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Accreditation<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"532089da8251ff27a\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>ASTM E45 &#8211; Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel<\/p>\n<p>ASTM E112 &#8211; Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size<\/p>\n<p>ASMT E340 &#8211; Standard Practice for Macroetching Metals and Alloys<\/p>\n<p>ASTM E381 &#8211; Standard Method of Maroetch Testing steel bars, billets, blooms and forgings<\/p>\n<p>ASMT E407 &#8211; Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys<\/p>\n<p>DIN EN ISO 643 \u2013 Mikrophotographische Bestimmung der erkennbaren Korngr\u00f6\u00dfe<\/p>\n<p>DIN EN ISO 945 \u2013 Bestimmung der Mikrostruktur von Gusseisen \u2013 Graphitklassifizierung durch visuelle Auswertung<\/p>\n<p>DIN EN ISO 1463 \u2013 Metall- und Oxidschichten \u2013 Schichtdickenmessung<\/p>\n<p>DIN EN ISO 2624 \u2013 Kupfer- und Kupferknetlegierungen \u2013 Bestimmung der mittleren Korngr\u00f6\u00dfe<\/p>\n<p>DIN EN ISO 3887 \u2013 Stahl \u2013 Bestimmung der Entkohlungstiefe<\/p>\n<p>ISO 4967 \u2013 Steel \u2013 Determination of content of nonmetallic inclusions \u2013 micrographic method using standard diagrams<\/p>\n<p>DIN EN 1024 \u2013 Metallographische Pr\u00fcfung des Gehaltes nichtmetallischer Einschl\u00fcsse in St\u00e4hlen mit Bildreihen<\/p>\n<p>und viele mehr\u2026<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-double\" style=\"border-color:rgba(224,222,222,0);border-top-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><h3>Case studies<\/h3>\n<\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">#accordion-3468-2 .fusion-panel:hover{ border-color: #e0dede } #accordion-3468-2 .fusion-panel { border-color:#e0dede; }.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-2 .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box{ color: #ffffff;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-2 .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box:before{ font-size: 13px; width: 13px;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-2 .panel-title a{color:#0b2f41;font-family:\"Roboto\";font-weight:900;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-2 .toggle-content{font-size:14px;color:#333333;font-family:\"Roboto\";font-weight:400;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-2 .fa-fusion-box { background-color: #333333;border-color: #333333;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-2 .panel-title a:not(.active):hover, #accordion-3468-2 .fusion-toggle-boxed-mode:hover .panel-title a { color: #009fe3;}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-2 .panel-title .active .fa-fusion-box,.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-2 .panel-title a:not(.active):hover .fa-fusion-box { background-color: #009fe3!important;border-color: #009fe3!important;}<\/style><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\"><div class=\"panel-group\" id=\"accordion-3468-2\"><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-2 .panel-31bce6af04c27ce44 .panel-title a{}.fusion-accordian  #accordion-3468-2 .panel-31bce6af04c27ce44 .toggle-content{}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-31bce6af04c27ce44\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"31bce6af04c27ce44\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-3468-2\" data-target=\"#31bce6af04c27ce44\" href=\"#31bce6af04c27ce44\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\"> Metallographic examination of an aluminum repair weld<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"31bce6af04c27ce44\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>Cracks were found on aluminum cast components made of the material EN AC-43000 (AlSi10Mg(a)). These cracks were corrected with a repair weld. To avoid stress peaks caused by welding, the component was then solution annealed again and aged hot. As part of a material analysis quality control in the laboratory of TAZ GmbH, it should be validated whether the repair process is acceptable for the customer. For this purpose, the corresponding areas should be prepared metallographically and documented with the light microscope or the laser scanning microscope. The metallographic section sample was contrasted for a better representation of the weld seam and the microscopic structure. The common pickling solution according to Keller was slightly modified and optimized by our metallographer. The weld seam was first shown macroscopically. It can be seen that welding was done from both sides. Since several weld nuggets can be detected, a multi-layer weld seam can be assumed. At low magnification, significantly finer dendrites can be seen in the weld compared to the base material.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:left;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-7 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-01-300x200.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[92abf8fd4ff4746ae1a]\" data-title=\"Reperaturschweissung 01\" title=\"Reperaturschweissung 01\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-01.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-01-300x200.jpg\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-3086\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271385%27%20height%3D%27923%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201385%20923%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271385%27%20height%3D%27923%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-01-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-01-400x267.jpg 400w, https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-01-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-01-800x533.jpg 800w, https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-01-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-01.jpg 1385w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<p>Anomalies were then documented in detail. Above all, small gas pores can be detected in the welding zone.<\/p>\n<p>After the macroscopic examination, the microstructure was documented in the laser scanning microscope. The welding filler material used shows a near-eutectic, homogeneous structure with a dendritic alpha phase and a moulded, refined eutectic. The refinement can be recognized by the formed, spheroidal particles in the eutectic, which would appear elongated and needle-like without heat treatment.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:right;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-8 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-02-300x225.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[35f2179375ba0f23bd7]\" data-title=\"Reperaturschweissung 02\" title=\"Reperaturschweissung 02\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-02.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-02-300x225.jpg\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-3087\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271024%27%20height%3D%27768%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201024%20768%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271024%27%20height%3D%27768%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-02-200x150.jpg 200w, https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-02-400x300.jpg 400w, https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-02-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-02-800x600.jpg 800w, https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-02.jpg 1024w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<p>The base material shows a similar picture. Here, too, a dendritic alpha phase and a moulded-in, refined eutectic can be seen, but there are also elongated AlFeSi phases. This suggests a slightly different chemical composition between the base material and the filler material.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:left;\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-9 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-03-300x225.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[62fa1690b991dd6655e]\" data-title=\"Reperaturschweissung 03\" title=\"Reperaturschweissung 03\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-03.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-03-300x225.jpg\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-3088\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271024%27%20height%3D%27768%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201024%20768%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271024%27%20height%3D%27768%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-03-200x150.jpg 200w, https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-03-400x300.jpg 400w, https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-03-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-03-800x600.jpg 800w, https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Reperaturschweissung-03.jpg 1024w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<p>The micrographs were also checked with a hardness test. For this purpose, a linear hardness curve was drawn up from the base material via the center of the weld seam to the opposite base material and the hardness profile was shown graphically. It can be seen that the filler metal is about 50 HV softer than the base material. The conspicuously low hardness value at 15 mm is probably due to a gas pore that happened to be hit exactly.<\/p>\n<p>Conclusion: The microstructure and the hardness values \u200b\u200bindicate that the solution annealing was carried out correctly after the repair welding. The increased hardness of the base material also indicates (hot) aging. Because the hardness is significantly lower and no elongated AlFeSi phase can be found, it can be assumed that a different material was selected as the welding filler material.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:100% !important;margin-top : 0px;margin-bottom : 20px;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 1.92%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 1.92%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:100% !important;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-2{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 0px;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0px;}<\/style><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3367,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3468","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Metallography including hardness determination \/ - courses and structure assessment - TAZ GmbH<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/en\/services\/metallography-including-hardness-determination-courses-and-structure-assessment\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Metallography including hardness determination \/ - courses and structure assessment - TAZ GmbH\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/en\/services\/metallography-including-hardness-determination-courses-and-structure-assessment\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"TAZ GmbH\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-09-07T22:38:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"12 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/en\/services\/metallography-including-hardness-determination-courses-and-structure-assessment\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/en\/services\/metallography-including-hardness-determination-courses-and-structure-assessment\/\",\"name\":\"Metallography including hardness determination \/ - courses and structure assessment - TAZ GmbH\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2022-09-07T22:29:58+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-09-07T22:38:40+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/en\/services\/metallography-including-hardness-determination-courses-and-structure-assessment\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/en\/services\/metallography-including-hardness-determination-courses-and-structure-assessment\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/en\/services\/metallography-including-hardness-determination-courses-and-structure-assessment\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Services\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/tazgmbh.de\/en\/services\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Metallography including hardness determination \/ &#8211; 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